As a scientist, fooling yourself = failing yourself !

It is not uncommon in research to fall prey to make experimental data to fit your hypothesis instead of building a hypothesis based on the facts. There are many pitfalls in a scientific investigation and one must be wary of how you interpret and analyse your results. For a nice guide to avoid these fallacies, Nature has put this infographic in their news article.

Adapted from Nature

I learnt this from the following link: 

 http://conceptpickings.com/2015/10/13/scientific-methods-and-statistical-interpretations-to-believe-or-not-to-believe-that-is-the-question/

Softwares you need to know for your Physics PhD

When you are starting a PhD project, you need to be really sure that the next 4-5 years of your life are going to be spent on something really long project with few tangible outcomes and more of inner growth. Along with that mental preparation, you also need to learn a bunch of software which you will need when you are generating piles and piles of data. And at that point of time, you may not want to stop for learning when you should actually be doing ! So, go ahead and mess your brains with all these efficiency boosting programs.

1. MS Office - For anything related to writing reports to presentations, MS Office is a must. You must know how to use these to your advantage and with minimal effort. Making breath-taking presentations on the fly is a skill and needs to be honed. So, read up on Presentation do's and don'ts'. 
2. $\LaTeX\ $ - Do we really need this or not ? This is a raging debate from a long long time. The question here will be how willing are you to program to write a document. If you are okay with coding a few lines to make your report happen instead of adjusting all kinds of formatting on MSWord, then $\LaTeX\ $ is for you and you must start investing some amount of time learning it. Cool part about $\LaTeX\ $ is that there are thousands of templates available on web which you can just download and start editing. If you need a quick start to installation and using Latex, check this out.
3. Excel (Calculations) - For any quick calculation, you can turn to friendly Excel, for a quick view of what data looks like or minor processing of data, statistical analysis can all be easily done. You need to learn this thoroughly too so that when you have your experiments done, you have atleast one software tool at hand to analyse these graphs.
4. Matlab/Mathematica - Every Physics student at one time of his life has to interact with Matlab either through coursework or through research. It is one of those essential tools with which you can create entire set of data analysis functions for your raw, unprocessed data and produce cool looking surface plots. So Matlab is generally good for solving problems by using numbers. You can also solve equations with symbolic math toolbox, but Mathematica is actually just made for solving equations analytically. Many students use Mathematica to solve their equations for them and it is again a worthy tool to learn and put use in difficult times. Open source options are Scilab(Multi-platform), GNU Octave(Linux based), Scipy(Python based) which have good functionalities for basic calculation but may not have all the amazing toolboxes Matlab or Mathematica give. 
5. Data Plotting Software - Origin or any other data plotting software are meant for plotting data unlike Excel which was meant for handling balance sheets and what not. So, Origin gives more control over all the different plot elements and allows you to integrate editable graphs in your word document or PowerPoint presentation. This handles your data collection pretty well in different folders, books, sheets and so on. You can also create templates for similar data sets and the entire process can be automated by just importing the raw data into the template. How cool is that ? Other similar software need a mention too. One is Igor Pro which is proprietary and people say is as good as Origin. I have never used it. Then, there is GNUplot, an open source software, which can make publication ready high-res graphs and images. The only caveat is that it is completely command line based. So you might have to learn a few commands in order to get started.
6. CAD Software - Depending on the type of your project, theoretical or experimental, you may or may not need this particular group of software. But still you can make cool 3D figures with these and that adds a lot of value for any publication. Good to learn atleast one type thoroughly. There are many of them : AutoCAD, Solidworks, Sketchup, DraftSight(2D). For open source, look for FreeCAD and QCAD. 
7. Citation Software - Please manage your citation collections from the beginning till the end of your research. And these collections can grow disproportionately. So find the right software you like using and stick with it. It is a pain to move bibliography databases from one format/software to other. There are many in the market to choose from : EndNote(paid, web and desktop based), Mendeley(free, web and desktop based), Zotero(free, browser based), Wizfolio etc. I will use another post to highlight the pros and cons of these softwares. I still have not found the key that works for all.
8. LabView - This software is absolutely important piece needed for your PhD puzzle. Many puzzles were left incomplete because students did not know how to control a particular equipment or automate an experiment. In this Digital age, we need to automate and control things through computer to make efficient use of our time and reproduce data with higher accuracy and precision. This was the sole reason why computers were invented; to do the slow and dumb things while we think about new ideas and thoughts. Therefore, any experimental Physics PhD is incomplete without learning LabView. Learn it during your PhD at any cost because later you will need this when you setup your own lab or experiment. 

These are the softwares I think are bare minimum for Physics PhD. If you know anything else which I might have missed, then just drop in a comment. All the best for your new journey !